What’s a citizen to believe? With all the buzz about “false” and “fake” news, foreign influence in elections, intelligence leakers, inflammatory talk shows, social media manipulators and AI capabilities, how can we know the truth of anything that’s being reported? We can’t. Given any situation that’s reported, we weren’t present to experience what actually happened. Even if we had been, our perception might well differ from other first-hand accounts.
Irrespective of the medium or source, “news” that’s reported is almost always second-hand and beyond. I saw this first hand when I worked in three television stations. Because we’re emotional, meaning-making beings living in constructed personal realities, information sharing is always subjective, a matter of interpretation. Consistent with the purpose of this blog, my primary intent is to appreciate rather than criticize. In this case, I’ll recommend five aids to discernment to help separate the wheat from the chaff.
First, I want to acknowledge the many journalism trade organizations and corporations that have formulated and published Codes of Ethics, including the journalists who adhere to them. I tip my hat to all who are practicing “socially responsible journalism,” where truth-seeking takes priority over shock, glamour or entertainment values.
Although one can earn a degree in journalism, no certification is required. It’s a “field,” not a “profession” where one must have demonstrated ability to become licensed to practice. Anyone, even a nine-year-old or a sociopath can claim to be a journalist and publish material. What makes one a “professional” in this field is employment by a company in the news business. And one of the benefits of that label is that, in some places, it accords that person respectability because their employers adhere to and enforce a code of ethics. In these companies, across all media, serious violation of their code can be grounds for dismissal.
In decades past, self-regulation through these codes combined with policies of the Federal Communication Commission (FCC) created an atmosphere of public trust. We could generally be confident that we were not being deceived or manipulated. Today, however, largely because deregulation and the Internet opened the gates to anyone with a microphone or computer who wants to report the news, that trust is being significantly eroded.
This is particularly due to certain tabloid, radio, television and Internet entities that, despite claims to the contrary, have consistently demonstrated bias and deceptive practices. Even these can profess a code of ethics, but there’s a huge discrepancy when it comes to motivation and intent. It’s the difference between promoting an ideology and, in contrast, reporting information that’s true and accurate while preserving, protecting and strengthening the bond of trust between American journalism and the American people.
Our best protection against entities that would confuse, weaken or threaten this relationship through false news, misinformation, disinformation, conspiracy theories and so on is the individual’s capacity to discern truth from falsehood. Wikipedia defines “discernment” as—
The ability to obtain sharp perceptions or to judge well… It involves going past the mere perception of something and making nuanced judgments about its properties or qualities. Considered as a virtue, a discerning individual is considered to possess wisdom, and be of good judgment; especially so with regard to subject matter often overlooked by others.
The first aid to discernment is to observe the media provider’s motivation and intention. Is it to persuade, influence, arouse audiences or attract advertisers? Do they blur the lines between news and entertainment or news and opinion to maximize audience share? Are they seeking power or converts? Do they exaggerate or hype a story in order to support a social, economic or political agenda? Does their perspective or presentation originate in dualistic worldview where everything is black and white, good or bad, right or wrong? Are they trying to become the moral arbiters of right and wrong? Or are they honest brokers of truth? Do they strive to provide relevant, useful evidence-based facts in context to inform, promote understanding and empower their audiences to make appropriate(healthy, responsible, wise) adjustments to change?
My litmus with respect to motivation and intent is “Beware of false prophets, who come to you in sheep’s clothing, but inwardly they are ravenous wolves… A good tree cannot bear bad fruit, nor can a bad tree bear good fruit… by their fruits you will know them.” (Matthew 7:15-20). In the vernacular: If it quacks like a duck, it’s a duck.”
The second aid to discernment is to trust your gut. We can’t entirely trust our minds when it comes to discernment because of the tendency to rationalize or spin information to suit our point of view and values. Studies show that it’s the unconscious, nonverbal cues like body language, that tell us if we can trust what someone is saying. A study by psychologist Albert Mehrabian found that, with respect to credibility and trust, words contributed 7% of the message, tone of voice 38% and body language 55%.
Intuition or gut impressions are important. Along these same lines, it’s widely known that the conscious mind (center of will power, long term memory, logic, critical thinking) uses 10% of the brain, the tip of the iceberg, while the subconscious mind (center of beliefs, emotions, habits, values, long term memory, imagination, intuition) uses 90%. The latter is what drives us. It takes significant effort to balance it with the former.
I notice that when a presenter is a “showboat” or makes the story about him or herself, the needle on my trust meter goes way down. It goes down even further when the person is boisterous, aggressive, antagonistic, blaming, name-calling or boiling over with determination—especially when they intimate that their opinions are the only correct ones.
The third aid to discernment has to do with the world-view of a company or reporter. Or both. A view of the world and human beings in general is revealed in the pattern of content a person chooses to present. In only telling us what they deem important and presenting it in ways consistent with their perception of the audience, they reflect their mentality and values. Most people don’t realize that when we’re watching a newscast, we’re largely witnessing the news director’s consciousness and preferences which in many cases represents the corporation’s values. What to look out for are news anchors who “perform” the news for their superiors. That’s fine in a Late Night comedy context, but not in a serious newscast.
On the one hand I once knew a news director who behind the scenes used language that betrayed his perception of the audience as being stupid, gullible or ignorant. At a different station, the news director assigned a reporter to exclusively cover “good news in the city.” If the preponderance of a company’s news stories are consistently negative, it may indicate that those in control of the operation either have a negative worldview or believe that tragedy and mayhem are what their audience wants to see or hear. Balance requires giving substantial time to stories that encourage, uplift or empower.
A common example of imbalance is when a television newscast consistently and predominantly covers vehicular accidents, fires, domestic abuse, crime and corruption. Because these are out-of-the-ordinary events, news directors deem them to be “newsworthy” and in some instances they are—and coincidentally attract eyeballs to advertisers because they’re emotionally charged. Factual news has a higher purpose. The socially responsible justification for reporting such stories is not only to communicate what happened, but also to increase awareness of tragic events so viewers, civic leaders and politicians can learn what to do or not do, even take preventative measures to reduce their occurrence or find solutions.
A further step forward is the presentation of stories that present a model for what’s working, especially those that can be replicated. For instance, these real stories. The corporation that adopts a policy of maternity leave for both parents and equal pay for women. The church or other group that recycles or collects and delivers tons of food and clothing to countries where people are starving. The commercial fisherman who releases tons of mackerel in a net to save trapped dolphins. The woman who turned decommissioned city buses into shower stations for the homeless. The Goodwill volunteer who turned over to her manager an envelope containing $10,500. that she found in a bag of clothing.
These kinds of stories show the best in us to the rest of us, build trust in our neighbors and confidence in our leaders. Socially responsible journalism functions to educate and empower, not simply to inform and entertain. Otherwise, the public gets a one-sided, incomplete picture of humanity and society, one that results in passivity and feelings of helplessness, fear, worry and depression.
The fourth aid to discernment is to listen to our conscience. Philosopher Immanuel Kant, who wrote extensively about ethics and ethical decision-making, considered the human conscience as the ultimate source for informing us of right and wrong. Practically, his “categorical imperative” advised that we “Act on that maxim which you will to become a universal law.” “Categorical” mean unconditional. So the Kantian test in the context of a news presentation asks the question: “Would I want the whole world to feel what I’m feeling as a result of this news presentation?”
The fifth aid to discernment is to consider the consequences. Similarly, English philosopher John Stuart Mills proposed the Principle of Utility, recommending that we “Seek the greatest happiness for the greatest number.” This suggests that journalists choose their stories and modes of presentation in consideration of what story or information would yield the best consequences for the welfare of the society. In Mills’ terms, “The morally right alternative produces the greatest balance of good over evil.”
And parents, for the sake of the future, should make sure that children acquire critical thinking skills.
Expressed in personal terms, what in me does a particular news program or reporter encourage? Bonding or fragmentation? Caring or indifference? Tolerance or intolerance? Love or fear? Conflict or collaboration? Action or passivity? Our role as citizens requires that we act in the best interest of both ourselves and society, and responsible journalists help us to do that.
We have to remember, as journalists, that we may be observers but we are not totally disinterested observers. We are not social engineers, but each one of us has a stake in the health of this democracy. Democracy and the social contract that makes it work are held together by a delicate web of trust, and all of us in journalism hold edges of the web. We are not just amused bystanders, watching the idiots screw it up.
Robert MacNeil (Of The MacNeil/Lehrer Report on PBS)
While I’m not proposing a change in your media diet, my hope is that these aids to discernment will serve as a nudge to observe the media with eyes wide open, so we’re not duped by “wolves in sheep’s clothing.” What we ingest through the media can diminish or enhance our own worldview and life experience. It’s a choice we can and domake every day.
Journalism is one of the more important arts of democracy, and its ultimate purpose is not to make news, or reputations, or headlines, but simply to make democracy work.
Davis (Buzz) Merritt (Editor and Co-Founder of Public Journalism)
Many national and international media organizations have codes of ethics. Their values and articulation give us hope.
National Public Radio “Our journalism is as accurate, fair and complete as possible. Our journalists conduct their work with honesty and respect, and they strive to be both independent and impartial in their efforts. Our methods are transparent and we will be accountable for all we do.” Their principles include: Accuracy / Fairness / Completeness / Honesty / Independence / Impartiality / Transparency / Accountability / Respect
Poynter Publishing The Poynter Institute is a school for journalists that also practices journalism. The guidelines describe the values, standards, and practices they pursue. Their core values include accuracy, independence, interdependence, fairness, transparency, professional responsibility, and helpfulness.
Radio Television Digital News Association (RTDNA) RTDNA is the world’s largest professional organization devoted exclusively to electronic journalism. RTDNA members include local and network news executives, news directors, producers, reporters, photographers, editors, multimedia journalists and digital news professionals in broadcasting, cable, and digital media, as well as journalism educators and students.
American Society of News Editors (ASNE) The ASNE “focuses on leadership development and journalism-related issues. It promotes fair, principled journalism, defends and protects First Amendment rights, and fights for freedom of information and open government among its members. It’s principles include: Responsibility / Freedom of the Press / Independence / Truth and Accuracy / Impartiality / Fair Play.
Associated Press Media Editors Their principles are a model against which news and editorial staff members can measure their performance. “They have been formulated in the belief that news media and the people who produce news content should adhere to the highest standards of ethical and professional conduct.” They include: Responsibility / Accuracy / Integrity / Independence.
Gannett Newspaper Division “We are committed to seeking and reporting the truth in a truthful way / Serving the public interest / Exercising fair play / Maintaining independence / Being accountable / Acting with integrity. Editors have a responsibility to communicate these Principles to newsroom staff members and to the public.”
Society Of Professional Journalists “Ethical journalism strives to ensure the free exchange of information that is accurate, fair and thorough. An ethical journalist acts with integrity. The Society declares these four principles as the foundation of ethical journalism and encourages their use in its practice by all people in all media.” Seek Truth and Report It / Minimize Harm / Act Independently / Be Accountable and Transparent.
Journalism Codes of Ethics From Around the World A listing of U.S. and International Ethics Codes
This site provides a clickable list of organizations that publish their codes of ethics.
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My other sites—
Love And Light greetings.com: A twice-weekly blog featuring wisdom quotes and perspectives in science and spirituality intended to inspire and empower
David L. Smith Photography Portfolio.com: Black and white and color photography
Ancient Maya Cultural Traits.com: Weekly blog featuring the traits that made this civilization unique
smithdl@fuse.net